All About Phone Battery (Li-ion and Li-Polymer) - Myphontech

The battery is one of the most important components of a mobile phone, and without it, it cannot function. In this article, we will learn about everything related to the phone battery and everything you need to know.

mobile battery


All You Need to know about cell Phone Battery :

Phone Manufacturers work to provide the best phones with high efficiency and distinctive design, taking into account the user's need for a battery that enables him to use the phone for as long as possible, but to achieve this, it is necessary to choose a battery that is compatible with the design and internal components of the phone, for example a thin phone designed with thin edges, which cannot Putting a big battery in it goes against its design. Therefore, the developers worked to improve the quality of the battery to match the designs of their phones. 

This is why the battery is not only the icon that the Operating System displays on the screen of your phone, it is a whole technology that must be understood.

Historical :

In April 1973, Motorola announced the development of the world's first cellular phone called 'Dynatac', using a 'Nickel Cadmium' NiCd battery which took 10 hours to charge it, to provide only 30 minutes of use!.
With the growing demand for this new technology at the time, the battery was a major obstacle, especially due to the memory effect of the NiCd battery, as it required charging most of the time before being exposed to a drop in its charge level automatically!.
This is what made the developers to look for a good alternative like the Ni-MH battery which improved some of the disadvantages of the NiCd battery But its major drawback lies in the very high self-discharge rate compared to the NiCd battery, until the lithium battery was discovered which eliminated most of the problems, and the battery began to store electrical charges without losing it.
   in 1991, Sony announced the first lithium-ion battery.
research continued until it was made public Good alternative derived from Li ion, called Li-Po or lithium-ion polymer battery, in 1996 Bellcore (iconectiv Now) announced a rechargeable Li-Po cell using a porous SPE (solid polymer electrolyte).
After that, all electronic devices currently including mobile phones use these two types Li-ion or Li-Po depending on the characteristics of each use.

Characteristics and Features of Li-ion and Li-Po Battery :

All battery types are chemical components, and each type takes the name of the main compound it contains, as is the case with the lithium battery, where the chemical interaction between the elements of the battery gives us, in return, electrical charges that are stored and used later.
One of the biggest disadvantages of a lithium battery is that it is flammable as a result of the chemical reactions of its elements in the event that it is handled in the wrong way, so we always find within it a protection circuit to protect the battery during charging or during discharging.
In fact, there are several types of lithium batteries, and each type includes a metal or chemical element added in order to obtain certain properties according to the type of use. 
The type used in Smartphones, laptops, tablets, and cameras is called LCO or Lithium Cobalt Oxide Its chemical symbol is LiCoO2 and this compound is used in both types (Li-ion , Li-Po) as Cathode (+) , features high energy density up to 200Wh/kg with nominal voltage of 3.6V and operating voltage : 3.0 to 4.2 /Cell.

Basic Components of an LCO Battery and What is the difference in the composition of a Li-Po and Li ion battery:

Li-Ion and Li-Po batteries have the same basic components, except they differ in the type of electrolyte used and the type of casing, to give us a chemical reaction that produces electricity as they share the same chemical equation for charging or discharging a battery. These are the basic items of Li-Ion and Li-Po battery:
  • Anode ( - Negative Terminal) Made of Lithium Graphite LiC6 .
  • Cathode ( + Positive Termina) Made of Cobalt Oxyde CoO2.
  • Separator : allows the ions to move from the anode to the cathode and prevents from causing a short-circuit.
  • Electrolyte : the electrolyte located between the two electrodes allows the ions to move between them to balance the electrical charge created during charging and discharging ,Li-ion Battery use a Liquid electrolyte  while Li-Po Battery use High Conductivity gel Polymer.

Since the Li-Po battery uses a gel-type electrolyte which is safer against short circuits than the liquid electrolyte of the Li-ion battery, it allows the use of very light individual pocket cells.resulting in a lightweight and flexible Li-Po battery.
the Protection Circuit Module is necessary for both Batteries that protect battery during charging and discharging.


Basic Components of Li-ion and Li-po Batterys type LCO with Chemical equation.
Basic Components of Li-ion vs Li-Po Battery.


As shown in the image, both batteries are subject to the same chemical equation for charging and discharging.
   LCO type Li-Ion and Li-Po battery cells give 4.2 volts when fully charged ,But there is a phenomenon harmful to the battery when Overcharged, which leads to irreversible damage to the cell components due to the synthesis of cobalt (IV) oxide and may lead to serious safety problems!.  
This is why lithium batteries are equipped with a protection circuit, but if one of its components is damaged, disaster will occur, and for this reason we always recommend using an Original charger and an original Battery for your Phone.

Another phenomenon that occurs when Over Discharging , supersaturated lithium cobalt oxide  leads to irreversible damage to the cell components due to  production of lithium oxide, So don't let your battery run to empty, recharge it when it's 30% or 40%, not 0%.

Li-ion vs Li-Po battery Pros and Cons of each one and in which smartphones is used :

All current phones, whether Android or iPhone, use one of the two batteries Li-ion or Li-po, where the method of choosing the type of battery used is not by chance, but depends on studies according to the features of the phone, because the two batteries have their pros and cons, we will mention the following the most important pros and cons of both batteries.

Li-ion Battery:

Pros :
  • High Power Density (for the same Li-po battery size , the Li-ion battery stores more energy).
  • Low cost than a Li-po battery.
  • Lithium-ion batteries have a longer life span (charge/discharge cycles).
Cons: 
  • Risk of bursting due to improper use or very high Temperatures.
  • Heavier than the Li-po battery for the same size.
  • The lithium-ion battery will continue to slowly discharge (Self-discharge) when not in use or when stored.
  • Long duration of Charging.
  • Li-ion Battery Requires protection circuit from being overcharged and completely discharged (to avoid his death!).

Li-Po Battery:

Pros :

  • Li-polymer batteries are more rigid and flexible you can made it with size and design that you need.
  • The Li-polymer battery is Safer against explosions than a Li-ion battery, due to the gel electrolyte.
  • A LiPo battery has a low self-discharge, and can store energy for a relatively long time when in storage or not in use compared to a Li-ion battery.
  • Take short time to be full charged than Li-ion Battery (Support fast charging safely).
  • LiPo battery has higher performance C-rating  and can delivers more energy safely (this why they used in Drone).
Cons:

  • The biggest disadvantage of Lipo battery is its Cost , is almost double that of Li-Ion battery.
  • Store less energy than Li-ion battery for the same Size.
  • Risk of fire when the LiPo battery is punctured.

List of Phones with battery type used: 

 Apple :

  • iPhone XR  :               2942 mAh  (Li-Ion)
  • iPhone XS Max :        3174 mAh (Li-Ion)
  • iPhone 11 Pro :           3190 mAh (Li-Ion)
  • iPhone 11 Pro Max:   3500 mAh (Li-lon)
  • iPhone 12 Pro Max:   3687 mAh (Li-Ion)
  • iPhone 13 Pro :           3095 mAh (Li-Ion)
  • iPhone 13 Pro Max:   4352  mAh (Li-Ion)
  • iPhone 14 Plus:           4325 mAh (Li-Ion)
  • iPhone 14 Pro:            3200 mAh  (Li-Ion)
  • iPhone 14 Pro Max:   4323 mAh  (Li-Ion)
As you can see , Apple use the Li-ion Battery in All Their iPhones  (Since iPhone 7)

 Samsung : 

  • Galaxy S23+               4700 mAh Li-ion
  • Galaxy S22 Ultra       5000 mAh Li-ion
  • Galaxy S21 Ultra       5000 mAh Li-ion
  • Galaxy Note20 Ultra 4500 mAh Li-ion
  • Galaxy S20 Ultra       5000 mAh Li-ion
  • Galaxy Z Flip 5G       3300 mAh Li-Polymer
  • Galaxy S10                 3400 mAh Li-ion
  • Galaxy M31s              6000 mAh Li-Polymer
  • Galaxy A53 5G           5000 mAh Li-Polymer
  • Galaxy A21S              5000 mAh Li-Polymer
Samsung uses Li-ion battery in all these Flagship phones, but uses Li-Polymer battery in  some mid-range phones.

 Xiaomi   :

  • Xiaomi 13 Pro                         4820 mAh  (Li-Polymer)
  • Xiaomi 12S Ultra                    4860 mAh (Li-Polymer)
  • Xiaomi 12T                             5000 mAh (Li-Polymer)
  • Xiaomi Mi11 Pro                    5000 mAh (Li-Polymer)
  • Xiaomi 11 Pro                         5000 mAh (Li-Polymer)
  • Xiaomi Black Shark 3 Pro    5000 mAh (Li-Polymer)
  • Xiaomi Mi 10s                        4780 mAh (Li-Polymer)
  • Xiaomi Mi 10T Lite               4820 mAh (Li-Polymer)
  • Xiaomi Redmi Note 10 Pro   5020 mAh (Li-ion)
  • Xiaomi Redmi Note 9 Pro     5020 mAh (Li-Polymer)
Xiaomi  uses Li-Polymer battery in all these Flagship phones, and uses Li-ion battery for most mid-range phones.


Faqs about Cell Phone Battery :

1.Can a Phone Battery Explode?
Yes,usually due to a short circuit of the battery terminals especially in case the battery or the charger is not original.

2. What are the signs of a damaged phone battery?
if they discharge quickly even after fully charged. 
overheating or swelling of the battery if any of them occur, you need to change this battery, for more information click here.

3.Where Find Original battery for my Phone?
Always buy your phone battery from an authorized retailer.

4.What is the lifespan of the phone battery?
The life of modern smartphone batteries (lithium-ion or Li-Polymer) is 2-3 years, or about 300-500 charge cycles (one cycle means 0%-100% charge).

5.How to extend the lifespan of a Smartphone Battery?
The Golden rule for extending your smartphone battery lifespan is : Don't let your battery run to empty, recharge it when it's 30% or 40%, not  at 0% , Use only the original charger  and always avoid overheating the battery.
 
6.Who Manufactures  Battery (Li-ion , Li-Po) For Mobile Phone?
The world's largest lithium battery suppliers are:
7.How Battery usage is Managed in a Mobile Phone?
The battery is managed by the Operating System and precisely by the  NPU Neural Processing Unit built into the Mobile Processor "SoC" , especially in flagship phones, they can automatically turn off unused applications or dim the screen brightness if needed to extend the battery.

8.What to do if the phone falls into water, will the battery be damaged?
First turn it off and never turn it back on, then remove the battery if you can do it yourself and take your phone  it to the nearest service center.

9.Can Running Phone without Battery as do for Laptop?
No, today's smartphones do not allow ignition without a battery.

10.Why Battery have more than 2 Terminals?
Most Smartphone Batteries Today Contains 4 Terminals: 
  • Positive (+) VBat.
  • Negative  (-) GND.
  • BTEMP (Battery Temperature) to prevent the battery from overheating.
  • BSI (Battery Status Indicator) give information like Size/Type/Voltage/Current  to the processor  .

The Future of Lithium Batteries?

Researchers have always sought to improve the lithium battery whether in terms of safety or capacity by improving the chemistry and materials of the battery as is the case for the lithium-sulfur (Li-S) battery which can store five times more energy than lithium-ion battery current, but research is still ongoing.

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